Tradoing

Research

Working papers

Notes and analysis on markets, data, and the machinery behind research that never makes up the numbers.

  1. 01

    Four ways to value one company

    A methodology piece on valuing a company four ways, discounted cash flow, owner earnings, an EV/EBITDA cross-check, and a residual-income model, and why the blended range is a model estimate rather than a price target.

  2. 02

    Reading the yield curve without guessing

    How to read the 10-year minus 2-year and 10-year minus 3-month Treasury spreads as a recession signal, where to get the live number, and the historical caveats that keep you from overreading it.

  3. 03

    Why language models invent P/E ratios

    A concrete explanation of why chatbots fabricate financial figures, why the problem is structural rather than a lack of scale, and why sourcing rather than a bigger model is the fix.